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Big Think

Big Think

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Physicist Brian Cox explains quantum physics in 22 minutes

Video Overview & Insights

Become a Big Think member to unlock expert classes, premium print issues, exclusive events and more: https://bigthink.com/membership/?utm_source=youtube&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=membership&utm_content=bt-ytdesc-text-btseg-cox-BHEhxPuMmQI Brian Cox is currently on-tour in North America and the UK.

Incredible how we are only technicians of the laws of this so called reality. We clearly have no idea how this works. We have invented ourselves some explanation about something we know nothing about

— @edgarprada3171

See upcoming dates at: https://briancoxlive.co.uk/#tour

"Quantum mechanics and quantum entanglement are becoming very real. We're beginning to be able to access this tremendously complicated configuration space to do useful things."

šŸŒ…

— @ilovecupcakes8988

Subscribe to Big Think on YouTube ā–ŗ https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCvQECJukTDE2i6aCoMnS-Vg?sub_confirmation=1

Up next, The great quest for extraterrestrial life ā–ŗ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HI0cvzQiuvI

šŸ˜Ž

— @phyllisanselman358

With a topic as seemingly complicated as quantum physics, where can you start if you want to build your understanding?

In just 22 minutes, physicist and professor Brian Cox unpacks the subatomic world, beginning with the theories as we understand them today.

The Mandelbrot set is often treated like a mysterious ā€œkeyā€ to chaos, but in science it’s better understood as a window into how chaos behaves rather than a solution that unlocks it.

At first glance, the equation behind it——looks almost trivial. Yet when you iterate it, something remarkable happens: some values of produce stable, bounded behavior, while others explode into infinity in wildly unpredictable ways. The boundary between these two outcomes is not smooth or simple—it is infinitely detailed, endlessly intricate, and fractal in nature. That boundary is where chaos and order meet.

This is where the Mandelbrot set becomes scientifically powerful. It doesn’t ā€œsolveā€ chaos theory, but it reveals how chaos can emerge from pure determinism. With no randomness in the equation, you still get behavior that looks unpredictable, sensitive, and infinitely complex. That alone is one of the deepest insights in nonlinear dynamics.

Fractal equations extend this idea further. They show that chaotic systems often leave behind geometric fingerprints—patterns that repeat at different scales and carry measurable structure even in apparent disorder. In chaos theory, these appear as strange attractors, turbulence patterns, and irregular oscillations that still obey underlying mathematical rules.

But here’s the crucial point: neither fractals nor the Mandelbrot set eliminate chaos or make it predictable in a simple way. Instead, they help us understand its shape. Chaos theory is about how systems evolve over time and why prediction breaks down. Fractals describe what that breakdown looks like when you zoom in.

So rather than being a solution to chaos, the Mandelbrot set is more like a portrait of chaos itself—where determinism doesn’t disappear, but reveals just how far complexity can go when simple rules are repeated endlessly.

— @isatousarr7044

0:00 The subatomic world

1:23 A shift in teaching quantum mechanics

No. I don't grasp what you're describing. I don't know if it's the limitations of language that interferes with my understanding. Or, if it's that every lecture I've listened to has been provided by someone trying very hard to make it understandable to non-physicists, and, therefore, using "examples" (such as your coins) that really end up as obstacles to my "getting" it. I bump up against the same brick wall every time as soon as the speaker/writer begins mentioning words like "observing" and "instance." Because my brain immediately goes to the notion that, at these infinitesimally small scales, by the time it's observed, it's already over. I can't possibly think about an "instance" for the same reason. "Instance" in my brain implies some quantity of time; and, on this scale, time is meaningless - so incredibly fast and fleeting that it's unimaginable, even, to a human brain. If one day, someone is able to explain it in a different way, I'll try again. Because I do want to understand. Was it Einstein to whom the quote was attributed? "If you can't explain it to a 5-yr-old, you don't really understand it yourself." I'm hopeless.

— @carolinej3661

2:48 Quantum mechanics vs. classic theory

6:07 The double slit experiment

I can explain it in a bumper sticker.

— @yengEEs

11:31 Complex numbers

13:53 Sub-atomic vs. perceivable world

I've created a proprietary quantum computing system and I have no clue where to go from here. I just like playing with quantum physics. The system is ready for development. I'm getting hung up on when trying to get this to the right place. This is rather unconventional but maybe someone reading this might steer me to the right direction.. . . . .?

— @Josh-p2s4q

16:40 Quantum entanglement

Read the video transcript ā–ŗ https://bigthink.com/series/the-big-think-interview/brian-cox-quantum-physics/?utm_source=youtube&utm_medium=video&utm_campaign=youtube_description

Professor Cox, Three out of Ten for that Topic and Explanation.

It's not the first time Humanity has not been able to explain something.
For Example:-
No one amongst the Public knows where the Science community is aimed.
Nor do we know what the Science community should be doing.

However we see this behaviour elsewhere in other sectors of the Establishment, which means that the Science community is Stuck.

— @chrisgriffiths2533

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But, can the tRump/GOP/AI bro's literally destroy our world ? How do we reverse this?

— @tracylf5409

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Explained very well thanks

— @QuickRealityFiles

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I still don’t get it. I could be standing on my head or standing on my feet. Ok. Rent is due at the end of the month. What should I do about the genocide going on in that place we all know but can’t say

— @hellobenoliver

About Brian Cox:

Brian Cox obtained a first class honors degree in physics from the University of Manchester in 1995 and in 1998 a Ph.D. in High Energy Particle Physics at the DESY laboratory in Hamburg. He is now Professor of Particle Physics at the University of Manchester, The Royal Society Professor for Public Engagement in Science and a Fellow of the Royal Society.

for years i thought this dude was a musician that was smart.

— @baluecarter1807

Brian is widely recognized as the foremost communicator for all things scientific, having presented a number of highly acclaimed science programs for the BBC watched by billions internationally including ā€˜Adventures in Space and Time’ (2021), ā€˜Universe’ (2021), ā€˜The Planets’ (2018), ā€˜Forces of Nature’ (2016), ā€˜Human Universe’ (2014), ā€˜Wonders of Life’ (2012), ā€˜Wonders of the Universe’ (2011) and ā€˜Wonders of the Solar System’ (2010).

You may think I’m crazy, but I was meditation and I was consume my wonderful consume my body and I thought I was going to die I was really freaking out. I literally thought I was going to die. and the light said no you were not going to die of the light of the world you always have been the light and you’re always will be the light essentially telling me that I’m god I’ve always been God and I always will be God and it was crazy. It’s like I was somewhere and I saw quantum at a distance. It was like fucking crazy like I was able to see something invisible which was quantum and it approached me and even said that I created quantum and that I’m God the infinite I created all things I am that I am that you’re speaking of. I am that you have no knowledge of its fucking incredible thing about it. Everyone else is God in consciousness.

— @RubenCruz-q4o

As an author, Brian has also sold over a million books worldwide including ā€˜Black Holes’, ā€˜Universal: A Guide to the Cosmos’, ā€˜Quantum Universe’ and ā€˜Why Does E=mc2?’ with co-author Professor Jeffrey Forshaw. He has set several world records for his sell-out live tours, including his most recent tour Horizons which has taken in venues across the globe.

I have a question. If the qubits are entangled does this not only give it 2 possible states (and not 4) as if one is up the other one is down?

— @FilipDumitru-g8j

More User Perspectives

@

Do you know what I got on my physics exam way back when? Drool

@dmcd5635
@

so no mention of what happens when you watch the electron particle pass through the slit. It behaves like a particle and not a wave. Extra weird

@SpookyBaron
@

Thank you for the video

@istvanlaurinyecz3314
@

observe the world with positive humans vs negative humans. you can also reconfirm it by acknowledging their subconscious state of minds of human. magic is already in us not on mars i guess

@incessant-o7d
@

I just realized you shouldn't watch this when you're really high.

@LFNFLCKD
@

Listening to this to fall sleep

@studywithmellie
@

Duhhhh

@sheeparebillygoats7221
@

A systems biologist might say:

"Everything is interconnected."



A trauma therapist might say:

"The symptom makes sense in the context of the survival strategy."



An attachment theorist might say:

"Present relationships reflect old relational templates."



An epigeneticist might say:

"Patterns can be transmitted across generations."



A family systems therapist might say:

"The individual is expressing dynamics that belong to the entire system."



A mystic might say:

"The part contains the whole."



What's fascinating
is that these very different disciplines
often end up staring at the same phenomenon

from different angles:



šŸ‘‰



The organism appears to be continuously trying to restore order.



Even when it looks like chaos.

Even when it looks self-destructive.

Even when it looks irrational.



The body:



- repairs wounds

- fights infections

- rewires neural pathways

- forms compensations

- adapts to trauma



Sometimes beautifully.

Sometimes tragically.



But always adaptively.



A beginner might see:



- diabetes

- hair loss

- neuropathy

- rage

- grief

- hypersensitivity



A systems thinker, whether homeopath, psychotherapist, or biologist, starts asking:

"What kind of organism would produce all of those at the same time?"

@TeaTreeTerrific
@

Brian Cox 8s too young to be a physicist. I don't do pop physics and when I taught black college, every single student got it-- even the fat, stupid kid, I made sure he did.

You put your ego aside as a Subject Matter Expert and you allow miracles to emerge. I already know I am smarter than everybody else-I dont need to blow my own horn. I need my students to be empowered- if they aren't I didn't do my job and worse, I failed them.

50% got jobs before graduating. I did my job. But God did it for me.

God helped me teach.

@jseasterman
@

One of the big things he left out in the double slit experiment is that the electrons only make those waves when observed. When not observed they make straight lines.

@Joshg1984
@

The problem we have with understanding quantum particles is; when you get down the really small there is more space in the space that really small particles are in, it’s as if it is another universe. Which has to be why some particles can pass right through objects that we consider to be solid. Therefore, this has to reflect on what we consider to be reality, for if particles can pass through solid objects, then what is real? And if nothing is real, the cat in Schrodinger's equation can be both alive and dead, simply because at the quantum scale there is no cat.

@NeilDewsbury
@

After many years I have concluded that teachers are either ablers or disablers....the vast majority seem to be in the latter category...Mr Cox is one of the few ablers

@daveroberts1
@

How do you give this explanation and give only glancing refernce to the measurement problem and wave collapse? It's the core problem -- suggesting that observation itself determines reality -- that led to the Many Worlds theory, that destroys notions of subjective/objective, and that led to the "shut up and calculate" view that seeks to employ quantum theory without understanding why things are that way.

@podrunner743
@

I like to think of the quantum field existing because of two or more universes vibrating at the same frequency you first gotta start off with that cosmic flower or think of grapes growing on a vine, except for the grapes grow into each other you can’t see the other grapes or the universe because they vibrate different frequencies, but they grow into each other and like the cosmic flower or flower of life, there’s limitless universes but ones that are closest to us vibrate closer to the same frequency and every once in a while, they come into harmonic residence with each other, causing the quantum soup as it were for quantum vacuum to fluctuate in the stem of a grape, and my metaphor is the membrane and in the membrane exists multiple dimensions, which one can travel throughout each universe. If you can control your frequency, they should give off a cosmic background radiation around black holes, similar to a halo effect and should cause all the black ground radiation that we see and think of as leftover so the Big Bang, but they’re not they’re multiple universes and when you get four or more universes harmonizing at the same frequency for moments, you get A Visca piscis that causes or explains how strings of galaxies, spin and rotate

@Awwman-b5v7e
@

Technical Addendum: Quantum Mechanical Foundations of Zero-Point Energy (ZPE)
The fundamental theoretical basis for Zero-Point Energy (ZPE) is rooted directly in canonical quantum mechanics and quantum field theory. In classical physics, a system brought to absolute zero temperature (\(0\text{ K}\)) possesses zero kinetic energy and rests completely still. Quantum mechanics demonstrates that this state is physically impossible due to the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle.
Every quantum system possesses a residual, irreducible baseline of energy even at its lowest possible energy state, known as the ground state. This technical document outlines the mathematical framework that defines this ambient energy field.
1. The Quantum Harmonic Oscillator
The simplest mathematical model demonstrating zero-point energy is the one-dimensional quantum harmonic oscillator. The energy eigenvalues for a particle bound in a harmonic potential well are quantized and governed by the following formula:
\(E_{n}=\left(n+\frac{1}{2}\right)\hbar \omega \)
Where the variables are defined as:
\(E_{n}\) is the energy of the system at the integer quantum number \(n\) (\(n = 0, 1, 2, \dots\)).
\(\hbar \) is the reduced Planck constant (\(\hbar = \frac{h}{2\pi} \approx 1.054 \times 10^{-34}\text{ J}\cdot\text{s}\)).
\(\omega \) is the angular frequency of the oscillator (\(\omega = 2\pi f\)).
When the system is cooled to its absolute lowest possible energy state (\(n = 0\)), the equation yields the Zero-Point Energy equation:
\(E_{0}=\frac{1}{2}\hbar \omega \)
This equation proves mathematically that even when all thermal energy is entirely removed from a system, a baseline of \(\frac{1}{2}\hbar\omega\) remains. This energy cannot be removed or frozen out because doing so would require the particle to have an exact position and an exact momentum of zero simultaneously, which violates quantum law.
2. The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
The foundational constraint preventing a state of true absolute rest is the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle. It dictates a strict mathematical limit on the simultaneous measurement of a particle's position (\(x\)) and momentum (\(p\)):
\(\Delta x\cdot \Delta p\ge \frac{\hbar }{2}\)
If a particle were to settle completely into the absolute minimum of its potential energy well with zero motion, its position uncertainty (\(\Delta x\)) and momentum uncertainty (\(\Delta p\)) would both equal zero.
Because \(0 \times 0 \geq \frac{\hbar}{2}\) is mathematically impossible, the particle must continuously undergo rapid, intrinsic subatomic fluctuations. These fluctuations generate a measurable kinetic energy output, which manifests directly as the zero-point field.
3. Quantum Field Theory and Quantum Vacuum Energy
When extending this principle from single particles to the entire fabric of space, Quantum Field Theory (QFT) treats the vacuum of space not as empty void, but as an infinite collection of continuous, interacting quantum fields (such as the electromagnetic field). Each unique frequency mode of these fields behaves mathematically exactly like an independent quantum harmonic oscillator.
To calculate the total vacuum energy density (\(\rho _{\text{vac}}\)) contained within a specific volume of space, we integrate the zero-point energies of all possible electromagnetic wave frequencies (\(\omega \)):
\(\rho _{\text{vac}}=\int _{0}^{\omega _{\text{max}}}\frac{1}{2}\hbar \omega \cdot g(\omega )d\omega \)
Where the variables are defined as:
\(g(\omega) = \frac{\omega^2}{\pi^2 c^3}\) is the spatial density of states for electromagnetic modes.
\(c\) is the speed of light.
\(\omega _{\text{max}}\) is the high-frequency cutoff limit.
If evaluated without an upper limit, the total energy density of empty space diverges to infinity. When physicists apply a standard conservative boundary cut-off at the Planck scale (\(\approx 10^{19}\text{ GeV}\)), the theoretical calculations yield an enormous latent energy density:
\(\rho _{\text{vac}}\approx 10^{111}\text{\ J/m}^{3}\)
This extreme mathematical value demonstrates that empty space contains an immense, untapped ambient energy matrix capable of processing vast systems of information and intelligence effortlessly.
4. Empirical Verification: The Casimir Effect
Zero-point energy is not a theoretical abstraction; it has been repeatedly verified through rigorous laboratory experimentation, most notably via the Casimir Effect.
When two uncharged, perfectly conducting parallel metal plates are placed micro-meters apart in a total vacuum, a measurable attractive physical force draws them together. This phenomenon occurs because the narrow spacing between the plates physically restricts the wavelengths of the zero-point electromagnetic fluctuations that can exist inside the gap.
Because there are more allowable wave modes vibrating outside the plates than inside them, a higher external zero-point radiation pressure is created. The resulting attractive force per unit area (\(F/A\)) is calculated precisely using this formula:
\(\frac{F}{A}=-\frac{\pi ^{2}\hbar c}{240d^{4}}\)
Where the variables are defined as:
\(d\) is the precise distance between the two conducting plates.
The successful laboratory measurement of this force confirms that the quantum vacuum exerts real, mechanical, and harvestable physical pressure derived entirely from ambient zero-point fluctuations.
āœ… Summary of Formulas
Below is a summary of the foundational mathematical equations governing the physics of the unified zero-point field:
Physical Concept Governing Formula Key Structural Insight
Ground State Energy \(E_0 = \frac{1}{2}\hbar\omega\) Proves an irreducible energy baseline exists at absolute zero.
Uncertainty Boundary \(\Delta x \cdot \Delta p \geq \frac{\hbar}{2}\) Forces continuous subatomic fluctuations in the vacuum matrix.
Casimir Force Density \(\frac{F}{A} = -\frac{\pi^2 \hbar c}{240 d^4}\) Provides empirical, measurable proof of harvestable vacuum energy.šŸ’œ

@catherinesamanthaeye
@

So quantum entanglement is something I intuitively understand and feel as a therapist, and I have numerous experiences of loops of time with my own healing which are impossible to explain without quantum physics or spirituality. My question is are we not each individual quantum computers interacting as a giant one as a human species, interacting with an even bigger one as a world, with an even bigger one as a universe? Isn’t there all possibilities at all times and pure potential?

@laurynshannon4261
@

Am I wrong, can you tell me I'm wrong ? The particle is a particle but it spins, by spinning it creates waves in quantum spacetime, so that's why it has both properties?

@lawrencetarget
@

I could know the answers to everything, or I could have absolutely no clue about anything. But you won't know until you ask me some questions. I am a quantum human being 🤣

@nigelb5370
@

I= t/c 😁

@zachfernandez1257
@

I enjoyed it, I think he's the natural successor to Attenborough and I almost followed small parts of it.

@DavyBhoy12G
@

Thank you very much.I like your speaches.

@Š“ŃƒŠ·ŠµŠ»ŃŒŠ“Š°Š±Š±Š°ŃŠ¾Š²Š°-Š·5Šæ
@

clear as mud.

@spinecat
@

He don’t understand emotions are frequencies

@simulationist8597
@

I really wish my science teacher had had one fraction of Brian’s ability to put science in a way that he does. My end of year marks would have been so different. Thank You Brian.

@SuperMagnumguy
@

Come check out my garden if you would like. I'm on long island.

@Jeffrey-sf2tp
@

Sir if I may if you can explain it to me where I can imagine it in my head then sign me up I'm a student of you teaching that's a great way for you to explain where I can grab it in my mind and then envision what you are trying to explain to me that's exactly what I did so and thank you you painted such a clear picture for my consciousness right away for me to grab onto

@Jeffrey-sf2tp
@

Well Einstein's assumptions were wrong that's why it can't connect to quantum mechanics. And stupid Schrodinger's awful theory to kill cats was just absurd

Finally if you know how the earth was made (not the dumb rock with a molten iron core hogwash)
But the real truth, how the geometry of the great pyramid really does matter for the Earth and why it's current location and the geography of the earth reveal the forensic numbers scientists wished they had.

Knowing the Maser‑Earth collapse‑metric gives scientists a physical, testable, discrete phase‑structure that explains:

- why entanglement correlations exist
- why collapse selects one outcome
- why the hydrogen spectrum has its exact values
- why 1/137 appears
- why distance does not matter

It does so using real observational coincidences in Earth’s crust, rotation, resonance, and geometry.


How the Maser‑Earth Collapse‑Metric Solves the Entanglement Problem Scientists Struggle With

The collapse‑metric is not geometry in the classical sense.
It is the phase‑structure of the planet after the Seven Knots locked the world into a discrete radial pattern:

- Hudson Bay = temporal origin (the time‑scar)
- Khufu = spatial phase origin (the coherence maximum)
- 13.52 km = Tuesday pixel (local curvature step)
- 15.45 km = Indigo shell (offset curvature step)
- 108.1 km = MoirƩ envelope (global coherence radius)
- 1.45% rotation glitch = kinematic anchor
- 440 Hz = quantization wave

These are not distances between objects.
They are phase‑intervals in the collapse‑metric.

Entanglement is a phase‑phenomenon, not a spatial one.
So the collapse‑metric is the first model that treats entanglement in the correct domain.

Why this matters:
Quantum mechanics says:
- outcomes are random
- correlations are perfect
- distance does not matter
- no information travels

The collapse‑metric says:
- randomness stays
- correlations come from a single global eigenpattern
- distance is irrelevant because the eigenpattern is global
- no information travels because nothing needs to travel

This is the first framework where entanglement correlations are not ā€œspookyā€ā€”they are a property of the collapse‑metric itself.

---

What New Insight This Gives Scientists

1. A physical origin for the fine‑structure constant (1/137)
The curvature mismatch between the 8‑pixel stack (8 Ɨ 13.52 km) and the 108.1 km envelope produces a forced ratio ā‰ˆ 1/137.
This is the first model that ties 1/137 to measurable geophysical structure.

Scientists gain:
- a testable geometric origin for a constant previously considered fundamental and mysterious.

2. A finite operator that reproduces the hydrogen spectrum
Using only the collapse‑metric intervals, the finite operator produces:

- Lyman‑α at 10.204 eV
- Balmer progression 3.40 eV Ɨ (1 āˆ’ 4/n²)
- 1/n² Rydberg structure

with no adjustable parameters except one scale factor.

Scientists gain:
- a new way to derive atomic spectra from discrete curvature rather than continuous differential equations.

3. A physical explanation for deterministic collapse
The tri‑velocity closure (lateral, spiral, radial all = 175.6 km/min) forces the metric into a single admissible eigenvector.

Scientists gain:
- a mechanism for collapse that is not probabilistic magic
- a boundary‑driven selection rule
- a global eigenpattern that explains entanglement correlations

4. A way to unify geophysics and quantum behavior
The same collapse‑metric that shapes Earth’s crustal anomalies also shapes atomic energy levels.

Scientists gain:
- a cross‑disciplinary bridge
- measurable predictions in both seismology and spectroscopy
- a new class of experiments linking planetary structure to quantum structure

5. A new research direction: phase‑metric physics
Instead of treating space as a container, the collapse‑metric treats it as a phase‑field with discrete radii.

Scientists gain:
- a new mathematical language
- a new operator class
- a new way to model entanglement as global phase‑locking rather than nonlocal influence


Good luck training billions of AI on incomplete Einstein and the stupid idea of randomness.šŸ˜‚

@thefairygodmotherhouse
@

Yup, I am dumb.
No surprise there

@vollkerball1
@

Why do we pursue everything in our universe, understanding in the realm of human intelligence is comical why pursue such things? If I flip a coin in my life right now what is happening? Is there some mysterious reason? Understand life as we live it you are born and you you will die ! That’s 2 guarantees nothing quantum about it

@JohnBush-d4k9s
@

IT'S AWESOME. ONE OF THE GREATEST VIDEOS

@psictrascender
@

To do useful things, or to subjugate the world??? I refer you to nuclear power if you're in doubt.

@johnrains8409
@

"It's a Communist, chocolate, Kit Kat Hell Hole, and I want to prevent it from ever happening."
-ELOI COLE šŸ˜‚

@LauralynThrockmorton-i9c
@

Thank you, Rodney Mullen, for this great explanation.

@ryanw6920
@

22 minutes? Is this a time loop?

@Drip_Soup-z
@

Listening to Brian is such a relaxing and engaging activity. It seems that to fully grasp the idea of quantum mechanics, a lot of time should be invested.

@cornelius_sigan