The Future of the Universe: What Awaits Humanity, the Planets, the Stars, and Spacetime Itself?

I will occasionally check the comments, answer frequently asked questions related to the video in this pinned comment, and add additional notes on errors, outdated information, and clarifications. I wish all of you the best, and I thank you all for everything throughout these years.
Additional Notes:
- At 20:55, it should say that the objects are pushed apart by dark energy.

- At 15:40, the Kuiper Belt objects' gravities are insufficient for holding an atmosphere, not "honding".

- I am aware of a recent scientific paper claiming that objects other than black holes evaporate via Hawking radiation as well, making all macroscopic objects other than supermassive black holes evaporate by around 10^90 years from now. However, the scientific consensus is that the paper is flawed and relies on extreme oversimplification. This is because Hawking radiation is far more complex than the video depicts and results from more mechanisms than just simple spacetime curvature (as assumed by the authors of the paper). Therefore, as explained in the video, the scientific consensus is that an event horizon is still necessary for Hawking radiation to occur. This article expands on my highly simplified summary: https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.133.229001.
There is an inherent contradiction within the paper itself as well: it claims that the human body and the Moon will evaporate in 10^90 years, but also that protons will evaporate in 10^67 years. The problem with this is that humans and the Moon are made of protons (and neutrons that require protons to be stabilized), and if protons evaporate in 10^67 years, then so will humans and the Moon. This paper has been sensationalized for clicks before gaining any scientific consensus, and I strongly advise caution when trusting news and YouTube videos that feature something that appears revolutionary or overly exaggerated and are made by someone without a clear understanding of the topic.

- The video claims that the Milky Way-Andromeda collision has a 50% chance of occurring around 4 billion years from now, but that 50% chance is actually for the next 10 billion years. Over the next 5 billion years, the collision has only a 2-3% chance of occurring. That being said, the collision is still virtually certain to happen, just billions of years later than previously thought.

- Earth should appear similar to Venus (a white cue-ball) after the runaway greenhouse effect, not like the color shown in the video.


Frequently-asked questions:
1. Why are the planets' temperatures inconsistent with those in past videos?
- I realized that the past videos' temperatures were inaccurate, as they were from Universe Sandbox 2 with flawed interpolation. I used this temperature formula here, where T is in kelvins:
T = Constant * ([Radiation received from the Sun] * (1-Albedo) + [Radiation emitted by itself (only present in gas giants)])^0.25, taking greenhouse effects into account in the constant. The gas giants are also losing their residual heat, which was not factored in past videos. Therefore, for the inconsistencies, take the temperatures in this video as more accurate.

2. In what ways does the video relate to melodysheep's Timelapse of the Future?
Some of the scenes were inspired by melodysheep's Timelapse of the Future, a legendary piece of work whose status still holds up today. All of the events, however, were compiled based on my own research. Since most of the events here do not align with melodysheep's (namely, they are based on 6 years of new research and focus far more on humanity's future and the Stelliferous Era), I had to brainstorm the vast majority of the scenes completely independently. I also put a much more optimistic ending, focusing on how everything can happen again instead of eternal darkness. Some scientific inaccuracies were also present in melodysheep's video. For example, all neutron stars will have shut down by the time the Stelliferous Era ends (as their progenitor stars have all exploded trillions of years before), stars will not take 10^24 years to become black dwarfs, there will be no "zombie galaxies with only black holes", and the last black hole will evaporate significantly later than 10^96 years from now. I am not in any way downplaying the legendary status of melodysheep's video, as I am still amazed by the quality of its scenes (even by today's standards), its editing, and the sheer effort put into it. Rather, I am pointing out how, compared to melodysheep's, this video has a completely changed plot, is based on revamped sources, features a completely different message, and is thus a definitively differentiated video.

next video: create a timeline of pulto or plaent 9 okey

3:49 the movie 100 Years comes out.

7,400,000,000: Ceres become habitable
7,897,000,000: Pluto become habitable
7,899,000,000: Haumea become a little habitable

I feel like I was born in the wrong time period.

spectacular

21:00

Absolute Zero=-272.4°C
18:21 All planets have a temperature below Absolute Zero (-272.4°C)

22:48 song name?

It might be a sequel to the history of the universe video.

But however it is underrated. W MrPlasma

THIS. IS. INCREDIBLE. what did u use to make this video fr

200K views!!!!