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3Blue1Brown

3Blue1Brown

8,510,000 subscribers

👁 3,021,313 views

Integration and the fundamental theorem of calculus | Chapter 8, Essence of calculus

Video Overview & Insights

Intuition for integrals, and why they are inverses of derivatives.

I'm afraid this integral discussion just isn't as "pleasing" as your derivative discussion.

One thing that annoys the heck out of me (not unique to you - it's everywhere) is the way integration is introduced in the most limited way possible. When I realized - LONG after my formal education was complete - that "the endpoints of an integration interval," "the boundary around a surface of integration," "the surface around a volume of integration," and so on were all EXACTLY THE SAME THING, and that a common "region / boundary" paradigm fit all of those - INCLUDING ORDINARY INTEGRATION - I almost fell over. THIS SHOULD BE INTRODUCED RIGHT AT THE START. That doesn't mean you immediately TEACH surface and volume integrals - that can come later. But the fact that even what you're about to do right now is just step one of a ladder of things that continues on up into higher dimensions is golden knowledge.

It's like the first stages of math (and science, for that matter) training are "dumbed down" as much as humanly possible, and I don't understand why.

— @KipIngram

Help fund future projects: https://www.patreon.com/3blue1brown

An equally valuable form of support is to simply share some of the videos.

17:08 im really struggling to unnderstad this parl

— @mexil6529

Special thanks to these supporters: http://3b1b.co/lessons/integration#thanks

Check out the Art of Problem Solving: https://aops.com/3blue1brown

🔥🔥🔥🔥👁️🍀🌈🌹

— @salvadlat5730

Timestamps:

0:00 - Car example

The only thing that I can say after watching this video is "AURA".❤❤❤🎉🎉😊

— @Nipodfont

8:20 - Areas under graphs

11:18 - Fundamental theorem of calculus

@ 18:00 Did that car travel a tiny distance backwards, or did it rotate a tiny angle through aNoThEr DiMeNsIoN!? 🤣

— @glowingfatedie

16:20 - Recap

17:45 - Negative area

Love you videos, they've helped and are helping A LOT!♥

— @LeoniaPlaysBS

18:55 - Outro

Thanks to these viewers for their contributions to translations

Consider this a distanc-time graph. We dont know the distance function s(t), but we know the velocity function v(t).

At x=8 in the distance-time graph, d(distance function)/dt=the rate of change of distance, aka the velocity, i.e. v(8)

So, now if we reverse-engineer the derivative, we get s(t), which at time =8, is the total distance travelled.

This is also the AUC of the velocity-time graph (minus the s(t) at the start, of course, just in case they started driving not at 0).

commenting here so that I can come back to it later if I forget.

— @pravinneel

Hebrew: Omer Tuchfeld

Vietnamese: ngvutuan2811

I watched this 4 years ago when taking calc 1 and barely understood it. Passed with a C by pure memorization. Taking calc II 4 years later (now) and bothered to stumble by here again and it makes perfect sense

— @jessievelasquez3475

------------------

3blue1brown is a channel about animating math, in all senses of the word animate. And you know the drill with YouTube, if you want to stay posted about new videos, subscribe, and click the bell to receive notifications (if you're into that).

The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus IS The Mean Value Theorem. The New Calculus YT channel has videos about the MVT/FTOC that actually explain why Calculus works for anyone who want to understand it, not this hand-waving 'approach'! Please, give it a shot regardless of any preconceived notions you may have.

— @TuanNguyen-uz1ws

If you are new to this channel and want to see more, a good place to start is this playlist: http://3b1b.co/recommended

Various social media stuffs:

i suppose you could say
Σ is used for the sum of a function incrementing an /integer/
∫ is used for the sum of a function of ε small /decimals/

— @bottlewisp

Website: https://www.3blue1brown.com

Twitter: https://twitter.com/3Blue1Brown

thank you

— @jirkadolezal8127

Patreon: https://patreon.com/3blue1brown

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9 year old video. 2.9 million views. 1 42 year old guy who's never really "got it" suddenly actually getting it. Thank you so much for these videos.

— @TheMessNZ

Reddit: https://www.reddit.com/r/3Blue1Brown

8:32 INTERROBANG SPOTTED !!!

— @rithvikkrishna3975

More User Perspectives

@

estar en un auto y solo mirar el velocímetro suena increíblemente extremo

@christophermondragonbasili7360
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It is wrong, v(t) = t(8-t) it is a nonsense. V is in m/s, t is in seconds. that ecuation gives v in s^2. Nonsense

@Mar_Adentro-d8l
@

tbh, I’m just concerned that you’re trying to calculate an integral while driving

@Thunder2Squirrel
@

14:59

@ifthes
@

What a nice channel. That’s exactly how I think, what you said in the beginning.

@InsightMathsNB
@

Brilliant, can you please do Y1=(X1+X2)/X1, Y2=X1??

@jameslaurence4449
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idk grant If im in inside a car and all I can see is the speedometer and the car starts moving the question is not is there a nice way to figure out the distance traveled

@rats4dining
@

You know I have questions how dt knows how much long and short it has to be in a graph

@saudkhanmychannel4471
@

Friday ... check

Little or no work to do ... check

3blue1brown uploads a video ... check

Today is a good day!

@christophermondragonbasili7360
@

2:07

@Jimlee-p2u
@

I am doing this in 4th grade

@ParvSharma-r8w6q
@

To really understand this, it took me repeating the video multiple times, taking notes, and trying things by myself. So for anyone who wants to truly understand, just stop and ponder don’t expect to conceptualize everything the first time.

@hassenlamine5185
@

*travelled, not traveled, at minute 1:17. The content wasn't bad

@Arthur_Odissey
@

I just love, the way you clear out my doubt as a virtual teacher with that angelic voice that may even make Calculus fathomable for me.

I mean i download your videos for endless experience of Calculus that not just few days before seemed to be a daunting subject of maths ❤❤❤❤
It is not that I'm exaggerating

@mohininegi3830
@

I cant believe this video was there 8 years ago. How I missed this?

@samuelgarcia8585
@

these graphs are sooo good 🤌

@ak-wt6ll
@

Great vid bro nice stuff

@flex2897
@

17:10 what do you mean by thinking of area as a function

@Ahmed-ui8ot
@

@sadrahosseini-g4r
@

The person that invented all of these must be from another dimension.

@acecool1715
@

Take a sip of tea everytime he says t

@CosmicHase
@

thanks grant i appriciate your work a lot.

@timepassTOMMY
@

Best math teacher 🎉

@BlissfulForever888
@

if velocity keeps stable for a second and then jump to a new magnitude, that would make it uncomfortable for the driver 😂😂😂😂

@nexthoughtreal
@

2026 january 22 1:53am iQOO Z10 5G silchar

@NETERRO
@

Yeah, I don't really get the ds/dT=v(t) part at 11:00

@Vowiero
@

loved it <3

@HAMZATHELEGEND-z8i
@

This constant C indicates in other way that the person in the car by looking speedometer cannot know where he/she ends up but can know how much distance is travelled

@faso4800
@

I am actually a bit upset with my school now. WHY DIDN'T THEY TEACH US THIS IN THE FIRST PLACE? Sounds so funny since I have been doing questions related to this for 4 years without even knowing the purpose of the operation.

@BOBO_4869
@

I desperately wanted these kinds of videos thank you so much for these amazing videos wiht deep and geometric content helping us to imagine these intuitively

@anbusivaeduhub
@

All of this is wrong. You can't explain it to a cat. Only me and 380 readers of my paper really know what an integral is. But people don't want to hear...

@epuremath
@

Your channel is like a gold mine!! I keep pausing every couple seconds just so I can fully fathom the magnitude of your words!!

@90i3xiwus
@

i am not exagerting but this video should be shown in all schools as official program

@yassineboumiza1031
@

I’m watching this while studying for my calculus final, and just yelled out loud “oh thats what ftoc means!”
I thought it was so weird of a function, but now it actually makes sense as to how it does what it does

@3clipse449
@

my goat

@moonlit7273
@

Great

@amirhosseinzeidvand5499
@

4:48 dt /= 0.25 dt = 0.125

@DUCKTEAM123