20. How Nuclear Energy Works

Thankyou Prof Micheal.Very interesting

Yeah, here I am after watching chernobyl in 3 a.m. to understand how nuclear reactors actually works :D

AN IMMEDIATE DIRECT INTERNATIONAL RESPONSE TO I, RONALD AARON LOPEZ IS REQUIRED!!!!!!!!!! NO DIGITAL SUBSTITUTION OR CONNECTIONS OR IN ABSENTIA OF I, RONALD AARON LOPEZ!!!!!! I AM ROAMING THE STREETS FOR YEARS AND THAT IS NOT ACCEPTABLE AS IN THAT IS NOT MY WARCRIME-LEVEL FAILURE. I HAVE NO LESS THAN 5 SENSES AS A BIOLOGICAL ENTITY AND THEY ALL REQUIRE DIRECT AND IMMEDIATE INTERNATIONAL LAW ENFORCEMENT LEVEL RESPONSE!!!!!!

My name is Ronald Aaron Lopez. Talking/posting on YouTube without acknowledging my name and where I am in addition to I being denied television news coverage (coverage: television news network vans, cameras and news reporters AND LIGHTS THAT MAKE IT SEEM LIKE IT'S DAYTIME OR LIKE A MOVIE SET outside surrounding wherever I am without talking to anyone where I am located for they are all most likely criminals and kidnappers) from where I am in real-time indirectly enables the tolerance and positive reinforcement of terrorism by and through platforming irrelevant political agendas into false relevance through its criminality that then is further enabling/becoming international terrorism through disruptive chaos, then state funded terrorism, fraud, warcrime, sex crimes, illegal trafficking of sex and drugs and worse while criminals are now being revealed as having been known to implement mechanisms of illegal search and seizure by rogue federal government apparatuses at this moment in time. I am the victim of an alienating portion of the worlds population experiencing narcissistic and psychopathic mass hysteria and irrational behavior like a band of rabid political deviants addicted to warcrime-levels of tolerance, involvement and beyond. My name is Ronald Aaron Lopez. I am not people (plural) involved and the criminals/people involved are not who I am. They comit fraud pretending to be who I am in ways that I often describe as grand theft identity that is ongoing at this present moment in time. MY LEGAL IDENTITY. MY ONLY IDENTITY.
There is no excuse for I being humiliated, dehumanized and held on the exterior of what is mine for so many years now. HOW DARE I NOT BE EXPERIENCING DIGNITY AND MUTUAL RESPECT IN AN EMBASSY DESIGNATED FOR MY USE AND EXCLUSIVELY STAFFED FOR MY INVOLVEMENT WITH INTERNATIONAL NEGOTIATIONS AND ACCOMMODATIONS. NOTHING LIKE I AM CURRENTLY IN. I AM NOT SUPPOSED TO BE IN A HOMELESS SHELTER!!!!! I AM IN A HOMELESS SHELTER BECAUSE SCUMBAGS SOMEHOW THINK THAT I EXIST TO BE MISINTERPRETED AS IF I CAN FIND ANYTHING ACCEPTABLE WITH BEING DISRESPECTED IN HOMELESS SHELTERS!!!!! HOW DARE I NOT BE ALREADY PLACED INTO A HELICOPTER AIRCRAFT AND FLOWN TO AN EMBASSY FLOATING OUT IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN BY NOW!

IT'S LIKE I AM BEING OPPRESSED AND TORTURED IN-PART BY AND THROUGH ABSENCE OF MEDIA RATHER THAN TRIAL BY MEDIA LIKE ALL OTHER HIGH-PROFILE NEWS STORIES AND/IN ADDITION TO/WHILE I AM BEING DENIED AN ADEQUATE DIRECT ANTI-POLITICAL (DIRCTLY WITH I, RONALD AARON LOPEZ) INTERNATIONAL JURISDICTION LAW ENFORCEMENT RESPONSE.


I have hazel (grey-yellow green-colored) eyes.

I was born on the 20th day of June, 1980.

My height is 5'6

I was born in Palisades General Hospital in North Bergen New Jersey.

Like my mother, I was born a United States of America citizen.

My father arrived from Costa Rica when he was barely of adult age and he graduated from Long Island University also known informally as LIU.

My mother graduated with honors from New York University also known informally as NYU.

I speak English and Spanish fluently.

I have had surgery so I have a large vertical scar on my left knee.


MY EXACT IMMEDIATE LOCATION ACCORDING TO GOOGLE EARTH(A DIGITAL SMARTPHONE APP) IS :

38°54'03.86"N 76°59'48.71"W

🆘️‼️🆘️‼️🆘️‼️🆘️‼️🆘️‼️🆘️‼️🆘️‼️🆘️‼️🆘️‼️🆘️‼️🆘️‼️‼️‼️‼️‼️‼️‼️‼️‼️‼️‼️‼️‼️‼️‼️‼️‼️‼️‼️‼️

Guy likes to wear shirts 2 sizes too small.

Is it correct to say that Chernobyl was an AGR reactor?

I’m a metallurgist who has been working in the steel industry for a long time. I have recently moved into the nuclear industry and this sort of information is gold dust.

Is nuclear energy safe?

Will nuclear energy be the future?

Ich stimme dir zu, dass der Fokus auf maximale Effizienz nicht immer der entscheidende Faktor sein muss, besonders bei einem Rohstoff wie Thorium, der tatsächlich extrem abundent und kostengünstig ist. Lass uns das mal genauer betrachten, ohne den Ballast unnötiger Moralpredigten – ich halte mich an Fakten und Logik.Warum Thorium so "billig" istThorium ist eines der häufigsten Elemente in der Erdkruste (etwa so verbreitet wie Blei) und wird oft als Nebenprodukt bei der Gewinnung seltener Erden abgebaut. Der Preis pro Kilogramm liegt typischerweise bei unter 100 US-Dollar, im Vergleich zu angereichertem Uran, das schnell auf Tausende Dollar klettern kann. Es gibt Schätzungen, dass die weltweiten Thorium-Reserven für Jahrhunderte reichen würden, selbst bei steigendem Energiebedarf. In Ländern wie Indien oder Norwegen, wo Thorium-Vorkommen groß sind, ist es quasi "gratis" – ähnlich wie du sagst, keine Rechnung von der Sonne. Das Problem mit der "Rechnung" kommt eher von der Infrastruktur: Bau und Betrieb von Reaktoren, nicht vom Brennstoff selbst.Effizienz in MSR-Reaktoren: Kein Muss, aber ein PlusIn Molten-Salt-Reaktoren (MSR) wird Thorium typischerweise in einen Zyklus umgewandelt, bei dem es zu Uran-233 gespaltet wird. Die Effizienz kann hoch sein (bis zu 99% Brennstoffnutzung in idealen Designs wie dem LFTR – Liquid Fluoride Thorium Reactor), aber du hast recht: Es ist kein Weltuntergang, wenn nur 10-20% genutzt werden. Warum?Kosteneffizienz: Selbst bei niedriger Ausnutzung bleibt der Brennstoffanteil an den Gesamtkosten minimal (oft unter 5% der Betriebskosten eines Kernkraftwerks). Der Großteil geht in Sicherheitssysteme, Wartung und Abfallmanagement.

Vergleich zu konventionellen Reaktoren: In herkömmlichen Leichtwasserreaktoren wird Uran nur zu 1-5% ausgenutzt, und niemand regt sich darüber auf, weil es funktioniert. Thorium in MSR könnte immerhin besser sein, ohne dass man perfektionistisch werden muss.

Umwelt- und Ressourcenaspekt: Besser ein bisschen nutzen als gar nichts, absolut. Unverbrauchtes Thorium kann recycelt oder gelagert werden, und MSR produzieren weniger langlebigen Abfall als Uran-Reaktoren. Das reduziert langfristig Kosten und Risiken.



Wo könnte trotzdem ein "Problem" liegen?Deine rhetorische Frage ist berechtigt, aber es gibt Nuancen, die man nicht ignorieren sollte:Technische Hürden: MSR-Technologie ist noch nicht kommerziell reif. Prototypen wie der in Oak Ridge (USA, 1960er) oder aktuelle Projekte in China (TMSR) zeigen Potenzial, aber Korrosionsprobleme mit dem Salz und die Notwendigkeit, Neutronenquellen zu starten, machen es kompliziert. Wenn die Effizienz niedrig ist, könnte das die Wirtschaftlichkeit beeinträchtigen – nicht wegen des Thoriums, sondern wegen der hohen Anfangsinvestitionen (Milliarden pro Reaktor).

Regulatorische und politische Barrieren: In vielen Ländern (z.B. Deutschland) ist Kernenergie tabu, unabhängig von Thorium. Die Kosten für Genehmigungen und Sicherheitsstandards sind hoch, was den Vorteil des billigen Brennstoffs zunichtemachen könnte.

Skalierbarkeit: Wenn wir global denken, könnte niedrige Effizienz zu mehr Abbau führen, was Umweltauswirkungen hat (z.B. in Minen). Aber bei Thoriums Verfügbarkeit ist das minimal – Indien plant z.B. Thorium für 70% seiner Energie bis 2050, ohne Effizienz als Showstopper zu sehen.



Zusammengefasst: Dein Ansatz ist pragmatisch und richtig. Thorium in MSR zu nutzen, auch mit "geringer" Effizienz, ist ein No-Brainer im Vergleich zu fossilen Brennstoffen oder ungenutzten Ressourcen. Es geht um den Gesamtnutzen: Saubere, stabile Energie zu niedrigen laufenden Kosten. Wenn du mehr Details zu spezifischen Projekten oder Berechnungen möchtest (z.B. Kostenvergleiche), lass es mich wissen – ich kann das vertiefen.

The only down fall about nuclear energy is treating the nuclear waste left after generatoring the nuclear energy as well as cooling down your reactor.😎

Correction: Plutonium

Like Palo Verde Nuclear reactor.😁

Uranium as well as Platinum atoms are usually used in nuclear energy and reactors.🚀

In a nuclear bomb in the war head their is a device that splits a Uranium atom approximately about a mile above the ground.When this device splits the Uranium atom the chain reaction causes a nuclear reaction which causes an extensive explosion.🚀

https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLjWCMNej0pFfVR9U8_BZadEGuzGyJgSij&jct=IuBZwFsEtbW-q0Rhim9LSA

My passing interest in Atomic Age Horror has led me here. Not leaving until I understand all of these reactors 😅

It is weird how the increased kinetic energy of the neutrons decrease reactivity. I want to understand that part better. I'll have to do some digging. I took chem E so I'm used to increased reactivity with increased T.

Im just a layman who's degree of education comes from community college, however with my limited education I can still (at least I think) appreciate the quality of this educator. He is befitting of the prestige from such a renowned institution.

Im just regular cattle farmer in rural Namibia. Would someone please explain on behalf of the algorithm how i got here? And I watched the whole thing just like a dog by the radio.

Dang, Of course MIT uses real chalk boards and not marker boards. Man I really want to watch this.

He's absolutely right about teaching application before theory. When I was in college, I was taking 2nd level Calculus and was struggling to understand what the point of it was. Why do we have this special, complicated math? Then I took a physics course and suddenly Calculus made sense. It was the math used to describe things like the relationship between acceleration and distance.

32.06 the windscale fire was nothing to do with the AGR. The fire happened in an earlier reactor that was built very quickly to produce plutonium for the UK nuclear bomb, 1957. The windscale agr was the prototype second generation gas-cooled reqctor, built while the first generation magnox was being developed and then deployed.

Regarding the RBMK control rod design. The control rods were never supposed to be pulled up all the way. Deputy Engineer Dyatlov and Reactor Operator Akimov had to bypass a lot of safety and limitation controls.

Why did the control rods have graphite tips? To rapidly preheat heat the incoming water at the bottom and reduce the temperature gradient along the channel.

Had the control rods been kept in their maximum power position and not past that, AZ-5 would've saved the core as the graphite portion would've exited the bottom and the incoming boron would've shut down the channel. As it was, the graphite came in at the top and it was over 200 rods at once. Way too much graphite and entering the part which was expected to be boiling anyway.

In SC water reactor, the temperature of the coolant water at the critical temp reaches 374 oC - how the cooling can be achieved with this high temp?

Wanting to understand how my modded minecraft nuclear reactors brought me here.

Whoever cleared that board is lowkey braindead

Me, a 36 year old male that never went past high school physics, not understanding anything this guy is saying, but staying for the whole lecture lol😅😅

You just earned a new subscriber

I can´t believe this knowledge is completely free, thanks guys for sharing thw whole collections of lectures

"All of you's watching on camera or whatever" I feel called out lol

Why is it neutrons and not protons that get displaced?

Context first, theory second. Odd, i recall a south-african born US immigrant who owns a social media platform talking about just that several years ago...

Radiation, like dark magic, leaves traces. This guy is a f genius!! Just to clarify, im no near an Engenier, just a Health and Safety tecnitian, but this is just so intresting and very well explained. I might not undesrtand everything, but men im having a good time.

This is super smart and gives a great lectures. But holyshit, he has to stop wearing his sons shirts.

Yep.

"It happens in around ten to the minus 14th of a second, so it 's not instantaneous..."

A controled, delayed decay..

Even in Austria. I must say that my students love this

Am I the first one to point out that the alpha day at 6:15 is marked incorrectly (Z should decrease by 2)? Beta- decay is also depicted wrong, but this might stem from confusion between N and A.

Anyway — very good lecture course and being a university teacher myself I learn quite a bit from the lecturer.
Best wishes from Warsaw.

can you explain this again?

Nooice refresher! 😎 STOC

Watching this should put me on at least one more list

Detective of Money Politics is following this very compelling informative content cheers VK3GFS 73s Frank

It's really trivial in the classroom than all of simplified video presentation. The nomenclature is overwhelming.

Context first, theory second. Bravo!

That was great to hear, Mr. Michael Short.

Good luck everyone,
Respectfully.